Drugstore Supply Channel of Bangladesh and Other Countries of the World Essay Example for Free

Drugstore Supply Channel of Bangladesh and Other Countries of the World Essay The pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh is at a matured stage with strong companies like Square, Beximco, Incepta etc. Drug stores have emerged in a good amount as well. Lazz Pharma once was the only good place to buy medicines which is not the current condition of the market. This is mostly because of the new technological additions to maintain an effective supply chain in the business. As the market got developed, competition rose as well. Hence, companies tried to adapt new technologies and advancement to hold a stronger position than their competitors. In addition, most of the intermediaries in the channel are owned by the companies. Therefore, the control is more on their side which helps them to maintain such good flow. However, the system is still unsuitable for further development as most of the supply is done by the manufacturers. It does not encourage the different levels in the supply chain to get enhanced than their current condition. Supply Channel of Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh As mentioned earlier in the introduction, most of the level of supply chain is owned by the manufacturers. Most of the pharmaceutical companies have their own distributors. Unlike the most, few companies like Novo Nordisk uses Transcom, the only distributing company in this sector, to deliver their product to the next level of supply chain. The figure 1 shows the supply channel of the industry. Each level of the channel is discussed below. Production: This is the level where the drugs are manufactured. At this level, drugs are kept open and ready to handover to the next level. Quarantined Warehouse: This is the level where product-quality is got checked. Also, to get the permission of market the product governmental approval is acquired here as well. After being tested here, taxes are paid and the products move to the next level. Central DPG Duty Paid Warehouse: After being tested the products are moved to Central DPG where they call it the â€Å"Finished Goods†. Then the goods are moved to Duty Paid Warehouse. Deports: Deports are very important level in the channel. These deports are established in different places in the country to meet the demands of a specific region. Depending on the sales average of recent past and the reports from the medical representatives and sales representatives, these deport stock goods which can fulfill on an average 10 days’ demand. Most of the big companies use SAP (System analysis and program development) software to make a database of the demands so that deports can store the goods accordingly. Medical/Sales Representative (MR SR): These are the agents, assigned by the manufacturing companies. They are responsible to gather information of demands for different drugs within a given area. They use devices that are connected with the main database. Through these devices they pass relevant information and invoices to regional deport. Till this level, the manufacturing companies own the intermediaries. Under the supervision of MR and SR, the goods are delivered through a pre-designed route to the different customers of these companies. Retail Drugstore: Retail drugstores are the most convenient places for the direct consumers of medicines. These retail shops get 2% discount on the medicines provided by the manufacturers. Wholesalers: Wholesalers take orders in bulk from the manufacturers and sell them to the retailers. The companies give 3% discount on the medicines for them. Potential Retailers: Big names of retail stores like Lazz Pharma get extra attention to the manufacturing companies. They also get 3% discount. Doctors: Many doctors have their own dispensary and they are one of the customers for the pharmaceutical companies. They get 3% discount as well. Hospital/Clinics: These places need more types of medicine than the others. For the medicines that need to be injected, they get up to 10% discount. Government/tender: These are special orders which happen occasionally. Delivery Company: The only distributing company in this sector at Bangladesh is Transcom which delivers drugs to different retail shops, hospitals etc after taking them from manufacturing company. International Distribution: Bangladeshi pharmaceutical companies export medicines mostly in Africa and the distribution is done by local distributing companies. Other Relevant Information: VAT(Value Added Tax) is added twice. The first time is done at the beginning of the production which 15%. After that 1. 5% VATable Amount is added. Finally, another 15% VAT is added on the trade price to retailers. Figure 1: The Supply Channel of Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh Recent Trends in the Drugstore Channels of Other Countries Unlike Bangladesh, other countries have more competitive market for having intense competition in the levels of marketing channels. Most of the countries have different distribution system than Bangladesh. Even our neighbor country India has a different channel system in this field. As mentioned in the journal of Kellar and Langer (2008), the supply channel of drugs in India looks like figure 2. Figure 2: Current distribution chain in India In such system, manufacturing companies assign CFA(clearing and forwarding agents) who clears and forwards the medicines to stockists who are independent intermediaries. Through the stokists the drugs go to the consumers. In India, retail pharmacy chain is also introduced which is still unknown to us in Bangladesh. According to Kellar and Langer (2008), â€Å"The first retail Pharmacy chain was started by the Subiksha Retail Services Pvt Ltd. The Medicine Shoppe, one of the largest retail drug stores in the US, opened two retail outlets in Mumbai and has franchised three more in Mumbai, Calcutta, and Baroda. Others have also entered the field including Health Glow, Pills Powders, and Reliance that US and EU, the expenditure on SCM alone is perhaps 2%, whereas in India it averages 4–6% of total sales. Also, this multi-layered system got more improved as India adopts IT in this sector. In the United States, the market is hugely developed. They have introduced new technologies and innovations long before us. They are introducing new techniques and packaging system as well to make the product more user-friendly to deliver it to the consumers. As the different levels of supply channel adapt new enhancement every day, the competition arises. In the writing of Gabler (2005), he mentioned about new packaging and delivery system that was brought up by Target Corp. and PrairieStone Pharmacy of USA. Target Corp. developed a new bottle called ClearRx, flat-paneled bottles that fit larger-print labels, color-coded rings to distinguish medicine between family members and user-friendly liquid dispensers for administering medicine to children. On the other hand, PrairieStone Pharmacy took a different approach. According to Gabler (2005), â€Å"With Daily Dose, PrairieStone will package customers medications in individual pouches according to the time of day and day of the week it needs to be taken. For example, each packet in the 30-day supply is labeled Morning, Afternoon or Evening with Dinner. For USA, most of the intermediaries are independent. Intermediaries are so well-developed, the independent pharmacies find it very difficult to sustain in the market. In the writing of Lehman (2008), she mentioned about declining number of independent pharmacies in USA. In addition she mentioned Miami-Luken Inc which began buying independent pharmacies to as their customer base was comprised entirely of privately owned drugstores. In the writing, Lehman (2008) also described, â€Å"Miami-Luken cannot compete with supply-chain drugstores, such as Walgreens and CVS, because it could not handle the product demands. So guaranteeing its customer base of independents became a top priority. † USA also found it very important to use technologies for record keeping. Medicines are very sophisticated things to consume. And when it comes to a patient who is suffering from a disease that needs extra attention, a wrong medication could put the person in grave danger. Robertson (2008) mentioned in her writing about such incident for which California law announced to apply a electronic record for medicines in the supply chain. At 2004 such decision was taken for which it was required to keep record of medicines electronically at every steps from manufacture to retail. Comparison of Bangladesh with Other Countries Bangladeshi industry in this particular sector is still using a supply channel that was once practiced in developed countries a long time ago. For not having multi-layered supply channel, the industry is not being able to provide more developed delivery. The adaption of technology is still not taken by all the pharmaceutical companies. To improve the competition as well as the quality of supply, the industry needs drugstore chain and independent intermediaries like Transcom so that the manufacturer can concentrate more on developing the drugs and others can worry about the distribution. In this way, every level of supply channel would become self-efficient and well-developed. Innovation on the other hand will start to come as well. The probable trend of drugstore channel in Bangladesh is yet to be foreseen. As there is no indication of change in the current system, one cannot expect multi-layered supply channel in the near future. Moreover, the system has just started to developed. To become something like the other developed countries, it will take at least another decade. Conclusion To conclude, I would want to make a few suggestions regarding the development of supply chain of pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh. This system needs to enhance with competition. The quality of drugs is good enough but the delivery system is not. Hence, more independent intermediaries should be encouraged to enter the market and thus make channel a competitive and developed one.

Tax Dollars Should Fund Religious Schools Essay -- Argumentative Persu

Tax Dollars Should Fund Religious Schools The issue of whether or not to use tax dollars to provide private schools with vouchers has been controversial for many years now.   Many people feel that it is our governments obligation to provide private institutions with the proper funds, while others believe that if private schools inherit our tax dollars then it is violation of our constitution as it promotes a particular religion.   I think it is our government's responsibility to provide each and every school with tax dollars, regardless of its orientation.   Many reasons, especially popularity and success rates provide substantial evidence that private schools should be funded by government vouchers. The main concern of those who oppose the use of government money for private schools is whether or not it would be constitutional.   In the past, many Supreme Court cases have proven that school vouchers for private schools are constitutional.   For example in Board of Education vs. Allen it was established that providing funds for private schools does not violate the Establishment C...

Kinetic

We can use many of Technique or methods for separating of compounds or mixtures .and we can by those methods studying of kinetic for reactions ,determine of reaction rate and reaction order . some of those methods are : mass spectrometric , spectrometric and Chromatographic Methods . But in this paper I just talk about chromatographic method . exactly, gas chromatography . Chromatography:Few methods of chemical analysis are truly specific to a particular analyte. It is often found that the analyte of interest must be separated from the myriad of individual compounds that may be present in a sample. As well as providing the analytical scientist with methods of separation, chromatographic techniques can also provide methods of analysis . Chromatography involves a sample (or sample extract) being dissolved in a mobile phase (which may be a gas, a liquid or a supercritical fluid). The mobile phase is then forced through an immobile, immiscible stationary phase. The phases are chosen such that components of the sample have differing solubility in each phase. A component which is quite soluble in the stationary phase will take longer to travel through it than a component which isn't very soluble in the stationary phase but very soluble in the mobile phase. As a result of these differences in mobilities , sample components will become separated from each other as they travel through the stationary phase. Gas chromatography methods that are used for studying first-order reaction kinetics by gas chromatography : (1) classical kinetic methods where samples of batch-wise kinetic studies are analyzed by enantioselective gas chromatography, (2) stopped-flow methods performed on one chiral column, (3) stopped-flow methods performed on an achiral column or empty capillary coupled in series with two chiral columns, (4) on-flow method performed on an achiral column coupled in series with two chiral columns, and (5) reaction gas chromatography, known as a dynamic gas chromatography. The following procedures have been developed to determination peak areas of reaction constituents in such complex chromatograms: (i) methods based on computer-assisted simulations of chromatograms where the kinetic activation parameters for the interconversion of enantiomers are obtained by iterative comparison of experimental and simulated chromatograms, (ii) stochastic methods based on the simulation of Gaussian distribution functions and using a time-dependent probability density function, (iii) approximation function and unified equation, (iv) computer-assisted peak deconvolution methods. Fast reaction :Reaction between metal carbonate and acid.- Reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid :CaCO3 + 2HCl -; CaCl2 + H2O + CO2Reaction between reactive metal and water .-reaction between lithium and water :2Li + 2H2O -; 2LiOH + H2Combustion .-combustion of magnesium in oxygen .2Mg + O2 -; 2MgOPrecipitation (double decomposition )-precipitation of silver (I) chloride :AgNO3 + HCl -; AgCl + HNO3 Rate :The rate can be measured using apparatus on the rightrate of reaction = d[CaCl2] / t ,or d[CO2] / t or d[H2O] the rate can be decrease or increase with change of temperature , concentration , pressure , surface area or size of molecules .concentration : when the concentration is decrease the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10 . But we decrease of concentration of calcium carbonate to 2 .rate = -d[2] / 10 .pressure and temperature : also when decrease the pressure or temperature the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10s . but the time is increase to 20s , because the pressure decrease to 0.5 and temperature decrease to 15 , so the rate = -d [3] / 20s . In a chemical reaction the reactant decrease over time and product increase over time . The rate will decrease over time as the hydrochloric acid is used up (its concentration decreases)The graph in after page shows the volume of gas produced over time in the reaction between HCl and CaCO3 .All three reactions result in the same amount of CO2 gas being produced; however the higher the concentration of HCl, the faster the rate of reaction, thus the less time it takes for the reaction to be complete . The table below shows the time taken to produce 50cm3Â  of CO2Â  for each concentration of HCl :Rate of reaction / cm3 of CO2 s-1 Time take to produce 50 cm3 of CO2/1s Concentration of HCl /mold m-30.86 58 2.00.42 120 2.00,21 235 0.5 From the results in the table above, it can be worked out that the rate of reaction is directionally proportional to the concentration of hydrochloric acid, so if you halve the concentration of HCl will be halved, if you quarter the concentration, the rate will be quartered . rate = k [HCl]1 Order :The order of a reaction is not necessarily an integer. The following orders are possible :Zero: A zero order indicates that the concentration of that species does not affect the rate of a reaction .Negative integer: A negative order indicates that the concentration of that species INVERSELY affects the rate of a reaction .Positive integer: A positive order indicates that the concentration of that species DIRECTLY affects the rate of a reaction . Non-Integer: Non-integer orders, both positive and negative, represent more intricate relationships between concentrations and rate in more complex reactions.So, in The reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid is said to be first order with respect to hydrochloric acid .This is because the rate depends upon the concentration of hydrochloric acid to the power one . Technique :we can measure of rate of carbon dioxide by gas chromatography , gas chromatography can separating of compound by boiling point , and you can analyze results on your computer and measuring of rate of CO2 .and you can determine of rate by flow reaction that may be is easer method .

The Book Brave New World - 1481 Words

Aws Aldajan Prof. Steven Schlesinger Philosophy 112 In the book Brave New World by Aldous Leonard Huxley, there are many topics covered about the world, freedom, and men. One of the topics discussed is the theory of evolution. There are many arguments presented about how the world and people evolved. There are different arguments created by creationists and evolutionists. For the creationists, everything is created by a creator such as God and that matter was formed by him to create the earth and even people on earth as well as other creatures in the universe. On the other hand, the evolutionists do not believe in creation, and they argue that everything evolved from their old forms to their new forms now. Another topic presented is the discussion about freedom which evolutionists believed not to exist since matter is not free and it is governed by laws of nature and that includes people and all living things and non-living things in the whole universe. However, creationists would tell otherwise. This proves that evolutionists and cre ationists have a different perspective in how all things are formed and how they are going to be. Creationists view are opposite of the evolutionists view in many ways. The creationist’s question where matter comes from but the evolutionists would answer that it does not come from any place. The evolutionists would even ask the creationists where God came from since if everything comes from something, then God must come from something else andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Brave New World 1213 Words   |  5 PagesBrave New World-Book Chart Title Significance The author chose the title ‘Brave New World’ because it is a reference to what John had read in a book. Like the character in the book, John believes he will enjoy this new world and will finally fit in somewhere, but it’s when he gets there that he realizes that the new world is restricting him from being himself. Also, I think the book is called ‘Brave New World’ because it relates to plot when John is leaving the reservation where he is not respectedRead MoreBrave New World Book Report2378 Words   |  10 PagesThe scene begins at the Central London Hatchery in the year 632 After Ford. A guided tour is taking place, explaining the process of how a human is made. It’s a new age, and humans no longer are created by viviparous reproduction; in Brave New World, humans are made on an assembly line. People in this world are divided up into five social classes- Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons, ranging from the highest caste to the lowest, respectively. The fetuses are developed in little jars thatRead MoreBook Report : Brave New World 1144 Words   |  5 PagesBook Report: #1 Frank Root Fiction 3rd Period 9-4-14 Brave New World Huxley, Aldous 259 pages, 18 Chapters Entry 1 8-28-14 Pages: # 1-29 IRead MoreBook Report : Brave New World 1144 Words   |  5 PagesBook Report: #1 Frank Root Fiction 3rd Period 9-4-14 Brave New World Huxley, Aldous 259 pages, 18 Chapters Entry 1 8-28-14 Pages: # 1-29 Read MoreA World With No Life. The Book Brave New World, Describes1434 Words   |  6 Pages A World with No Life The book Brave New World, describes a world that no one wishes to live in, even though it is described as paradise. The novel has a world that no one has never seen before, but what readers do not realize is that part of that world is already living with us. Yet, Brave New World was first published in 1932 by Aldous Huxley. How can this book possibly mirror our world when it was written over 85 years ago. This book is all about a brand-new world, where populationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Brave New World By Aldous Huxley Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: Brave New World Author: Aldous Huxley Main Characters: Bernard, John, Lenina, Linda Synopsis: The book begins in a human reproduction facility where they are basically engineering and developing human beings. It explains that once a child is born they are trained to conform to society. For example, babies were placed on an electric floor in front of books and flowers, and to train them they were electrocuted until they learned to dislike books and nature. This was done to ensure that the engineeredRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Brave New World By Anton Chekhov913 Words   |  4 PagesByelikov is consistent of the way he lives. Byelikov was man that strictly played by the rules. For someone that is freely but seemed unhappy, he was scared to take risk because he wanted to be ready unexpected. A book named Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, is about the people of the World State having to accept what was given and told to them. They were not individually happy because everyone is counted as a whole and must share the same satisfaction to be stable. Everyone deserves to have theirRead MoreComparison of A Brave New World and 1984 Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesComparison of A Brave New World and 1984 A Brave New World is a story about Bernard Marx, who rejects his society because he finds that he is not satisfied with living a controlled life. 1984 is a story about Winston who finds forbidden love within the restrictions of his society. These books are both in the same genre, so they can be easily compared and contrasted. The main similarities in the two pieces are the topics of the novels, the endings of the books, the nature of the charactersRead MoreBrave New World: A Struggle Between the Genius and the Mediocre931 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Æ' After the publishing of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, modern literature has changed forever. It is considered a masterpiece and one of the pillars of the dystopian novel. However, both of those affirmations can be called into question. The former based on a subjective opinion of a reader and the latter through compromising its dystopian nature. Similarly to George Orwell’s novels, the main appeal of Brave New World is within the ideas it contains, not within its literary merits. Huxley’s talentRead MoreBrave New World Exploration And Extension1347 Words   |  6 PagesDanielle Newman Camille Hensley Coach Hansen British Literature August 7, 2015 Brave New World Exploration and Extension Aldous Huxley was born in Surrey, England on July 26, 1894. He came from a family already intertwined with a love of writing and philosophy. His grandfather was already credited with introducing Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution to the public. Huxley’s mother was the niece of Matthew Arnold, a poet who focused on commonly debated moral themes in his works. Needless to say

Borderline Personality Disorder And Personality Disorders

Borderline Personality Disorder Emani J. Mills Psychology of Personality Catinia Farrington INTRODUCTION â€Å"Personality disorders have been documented in approximately 9 percent of the general U.S. population† (Angstman, Rasmussen, 2011). Emotional dysregulation disorder or its common name borderline personality disorder is a very serious and chronic disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) describes borderline personality disorder as â€Å"a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts† (Gardner, 2006). Within the last 20 years, psychologists and other mental health professionals have made tremendous strides in research on what exactly borderline personality disorder, some of its triggers and possible effective treatment options. Borderline personality disorder is defined as a disorder that generates severe emotional instability which can be a springboard that can lead to other str ess induced mental and behavioral problems. HOW IS BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER DIAGNOSED? Personality disorders is an umbrella term. There are a variety of personality disorders, and each disorder has its own unique identifier that makes them different from other personality disorders. Because each personality disorder differs from the next, these disorders are separated and is categorized byShow MoreRelatedPersonality Disorders : Borderline Personality Disorder2908 Words   |  12 Pages　　A personality disorder is characterized by a distinct pattern of behavior that does not meet normal standards of behavior within one’s culture. This pattern is ingrained as the norm to the person affected, and the characteristics of the affected person deviate markedly from societal standards (Hebblethwaite, 2009). The two main features that help to identify a personality disorder are chronic interpersonal difficulties and persons with one’s identity or sense of self (Livesly, 2001). Within thisRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )1749 Word s   |  7 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder Could you picture yourself being brought face to face with an individual who has a personality similar to a mine field? In other words where or when he/she will explode is never known. This type of personality disorder is called borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder is one of the most scariest and hidden disorders that have baffled our society as well as many health professionals for many years. The DSM IV defines borderline personalityRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )1361 Words   |  6 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder is named borderline personality disorder because at one point in history they considered this disorder to be on the â€Å"borderline† between neurosis and psychosis. Borderline personality disorder is a severe mental disorder that impacts an individual’s behavior, relationships, and mood. The disorder usually begins during adolescence or young adulthood. People with BPD have a tendency of rapid change in attitude or feelings toward others because they cannot regulateRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )872 Words   |  4 PagesBorderline Personality Disorder is a mental disorder characterized by instability in mood, impulsiveness, unstable relationships, and chronic emptiness. Borderline Personality Disorder affects approximately two percent of the population, and is predominately found in women. This disorder makes it difficult for people to understand social norms and the dynamics of relationships, so unpredictable a nd erratic behavior are common. Although Borderline Personality Disorder is incurable, it is treatableRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )1274 Words   |  6 PagesPaper: Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder is a serious mental illness that directly affects one’s behavior, moods, and relationships/socialization skills. Borderline personality disorder often is associated with co-occurring disorders like depression, suicidal behaviors, anxiety, abuse of drugs and alcohol, as well as eating disorders. The behavior of a person diagnosed with borderline is also described to erratic and impulsive. The cause of borderline personality disorderRead MoreIs Borderline Personality Disorder? Essay1818 Words   |  8 Pageswill examine the benefit and indications of applying one of a contemporary organized psychological theory to a patient that the writer has already worked with as a summative case study. A brief history of the patient ailment which is borderline personality disorder (BPD) will be discussed as well as treatment plan and choices in accordance with a chosen psychotherapy (mentalisation base therapy MBT). The author will legitimize the purpose beh ind the chosen treatment and conclude his discussion. ForRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder : Borderline Disorder1466 Words   |  6 PagesBorderline Personality Disorder Overview Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by impulsivity, unstable self-image, mood, and trouble with interpersonal relationships. One major characteristic is impulsivity, which is characterized by rapid responding to environmental triggers without thinking (or caring) about long term consequences (Paris, 2007). Some people may engage in self-injurious activities including attempting and completing suicide. People with borderline personality disorderRead MorePersonality Disorders : Borderline Personality Disorder926 Words   |  4 PagesBorderline personality disorder is the most frequent and the most severe of all personality disorders in clinical practice, it s a serious mental disorder with a characteristic pervasive pattern of instability in affect regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. It s characterized by severe psychological impairment and high mortality rate due to suicide. (Gado, 2016, p.47) Our group has chosen to focus and elaborate on some of the different personality disordersRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline ) Essay1792 Words   |  8 Pagesin a cloud of static. No matter what I know to be true, the fear of having my mother discredit me severely impedes progress. I have known about Borderline Personality Disorder for some time, and I knew my estranged mother was diagnosed with it at one point, but I didn’t really start researching it until a friend lent me a copy of Surviving a Borderline Parent. Part of me was afraid if I learned more about it, I would only feel sympathy for her, and guilt for going no contact. As awful as it soundsRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder And Personality Disorders931 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Amad, Ramoz, Thomas, Jardri and Gorwood questioned if borderline personality disorder runs in families through genetics. Although not stated borderline personality disorder was first diagnosed as an illness in 1980. Borderline personality disorder is a common mental disability that causes someone to experience unstable moods and occasionally have psychotic episodes. Gene-environment interaction which is when 2 different genotypes respond to different environmental variation in different

Conflict In Native Son - 914 Words

Native Son was written by Richard Wright. The book tells the story of the protagonist, Bigger Thomas, who accidentally killed Mary Dalton (the daughter of his administrator). Thomas had killed her by accident because it was led by his fears. This lead his coming of age and ultimately shaped his outcome. The type of conflicts that are developed in the novel are man versus man, man versus society and man versus self. Native Son demonstrates different types of conflicts which lead his coming of age and ultimately shaped his outcome. Rage and fear ultimately shaped his outcome. In the first part of the book it mentioned, â€Å"Maybe you ought to leave me where I was. You shut your sassy mouth! Aw for Chrissakes!† (Wright 19). This references†¦show more content†¦After he got arrested he was accused of rape. Some of whites would consider this worse than murder. Bigger essentially rapes his girlfriend Bessie before killing her. This shaped his coming of age and his outcome by showing that with other blacks, Bigger is bullying, surly, treacherous, and cowardly. When he is around with whites he is understandably, cautious and deceitful. He shows that he wants to be respectful around whites because he did not want to get into trouble. The three sections in the book his outcome. It shows how he act in fear, flight and fate. This develops Bigger’s thought and emotions to shape his outcome and coming of age. This makes the readers understand what Bigger is feeling. This make us understand what went through his head when the events were occurring. The type of conflict is man versus nature, man versus man, man versus society and man versus self. They are all used to some extend because it demonstrates how black man used to live in 1920’s in Chicago. An example of man versus nature is, â€Å"The icy water clutched again at his body like a giant hand; the chill of it squeezed him like the circling coils of a monstrous boa constrictor† (Wright 268). This iterates Bigger is faced with a stream of water which is trying push him to the hunters. Bigger tries to escape the force of the water, but he eventually gets drag down by the water force into the hunters. When it shows man versus nature itShow MoreRelatedNative Son - Conflicts2002 Words   |  9 Pagesauthors will use conflicts to strengthen the plot and to give more depth to the story that they are penning. There are four main plot conflicts that authors have to choose from: man versus nature, man versus society, man versus man, and finally, man versus self. Au thors, many times, will use only one or two of these conflicts but in the novel, Native Son, all four conflicts are used to some extent. In this novel, Richard Wright, does a superb job of meticulously blending all four conflicts together toRead MoreRacial Morals in Cry, The Beloved Country Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthe governments rigid policy racial segregation between white Europeans and black natives. The official goal of apartheid was to establish laws that would isolate these groups in most activities, especially in education, employment, housing, and politics. The word apartheid means apartness in Afrikaans, one of South Africas official languages. This inequity caused great conflict between the races. This conflict can be seen through the experiences of Steven Kumalo and James Jarvis, the main charactersRead MoreApush Dbq 81479 Words   |  6 Pagesclearly refers to rebel organizations such as the Sons of Liberty. Formed by Sam Adams, the Sons of Liberty was a large organization made up of men from many colonies in response to the British Stamp Act. The Sons of Liberty was most like a terrorist organization, promoting their thoughts and ideas through propaganda and violence. Two major â€Å"domestic insurrections† caused by the Sons of Liberty were many Stamp Act riots and the Boston Tea Party. The Sons of Liberty, formed to protest the Stamp Act, alsoRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans969 Words   |  4 Pages The Film The Last of the Mohicans details the experiences of three members of a dying Native American tribe known as the Mohicans during the midst of the French and Indian War (1754-1763). In the film, a Mohican chief named Chingachgook along with his son Uncas and his adopted white son by the name of Nathaniel Poe are on a journey west in search of a new home. Along the way, Nathaniel Poe is recruited to escort the two daughters of British Army Colonel Edmund Munro to Fort William Henry in theRead MoreAfrican Literature : Colonialism And Communal Disintegration947 Words   |  4 Pagespopular option, as massive droves of colonists poured into the untapped and pristine, yet unprepared country. However, this aggression and unadulterated speed severely punished its very own inhabitants. These â€Å"liberators† thought that these African natives were uneducated and thought they brought light to this new world. Few of the colonists had attempted to remotely understand the nature of the culture around them, but overwhelmingly imposed their own thoughts and beliefs. New governments and lawsRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans931 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Last of the Mohicans† is a historical film directed by Michael Mann about the emerging love of two people as conflict, war and tragedy churns around them. The movie is set in 1757 in the midst of the French and Indian War. The characters and events in this movie help to reinforce the material covered in this course, such as the alliances formed between various Indian tribes and the French in an attempt to defeat the British. Fort William Henry was a British fort located in the colony of NewRead MoreReview Of Borders By Thomas King938 Words   |  4 Pagesreferred to as flat, static characters. Conflict in a story usually assists a character in their development. Although Laetitia from â€Å"Borders† and Piquette from â€Å"The Loons† both face conflicts with Native and non-Native culture, only Laetitia develops as a round, dynamic character as a result of her experiences, while Piquette remains essentially unchanged. The short story â€Å"Borders† by Thomas King follows an unnamed native mother and her twelve year old son as they attempted to go visit herRead MoreTaking a Look at Native Americans736 Words   |  3 Pages Native Americans have been in the Americas for much longer than a majority of the races that now inhabit it. Native Americans had lived prosperously on the until the early 1800s when white settlers began their move towards the West. As these white settler came upon the Native Americans they brought with them unwavering beliefs that would end up causing great conflicts with the Native people, who had their own way set of values. It was clear that the white man and the Native Americans could notRead MoreEssay about Culture Conflicts: Native Americans versus The White Man824 Words   |  4 Pagesever â€Å"discovered† it. These people were known as the Native Americans. Most of them had lived peacefully on the land, for hundreds of years until the early 1800s when white settlers began their move west. As these white settlers came upon the Native Americans, they brought with them unwavering beliefs that would end up causing great conflicts with the Native people, who had their own set of values. It was clear that the white man and the Native Americans could not live among each other peacefullyRead MoreOkonkwo And Nwoye Analysis807 Words   |  4 PagesChinua Achebe, that is not an option for Nwoye. His father, Okonkwo, is ashamed of his son because he displays incipient laziness similar to his father, Unoka. All Okonkwo ever wanted was to be better than his father. Yet his drive for power acts as a barrier between his relationship with Nwoye as father and son. Throughout the novel, Nwoye experiences the impacts of colonization, and utilizes his father-son conflict to find his true sense of freedom.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Growing up, Nwoye didn’t have it easy like

Family Violence in New Zealand Free Essays

string(56) " the following factors can be more vulnerable to abuse\." Sally washed the dishes and began to dry them. All of a sudden, she heard the door slam. ‘Girl! Where’s my food? ‘ the voice yelled. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Violence in New Zealand or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sally began shaking and hunting frantically for the dish. Her seven year old fingers dropped the plate and it shattered on the floor. Her father stomped into the kitchen and began to threaten to beat her. Think this story is horrifying and unrealistic? Think again. Scenarios like this happen to thousands of children every day. Tens of thousands of children each year are traumatized by physical, sexual, and emotional abusers or by caregivers who neglect them, making child abuse as common as it is shocking. Most of us can’t imagine what would make an adult use violence against a child, and the worse the behaviour is, the more unimaginable it seems. But the incidence of parents and other caregivers consciously, even wilfully, committing acts that harm the very children they’re supposed to be nurturing is a sad fact of human society that cuts across all lines of ethnicity and class. Whether the abuse is from the perpetrator’s mental illness,  substance abuse, or inability to cope, the psychological result for each abused child is often the same: deep emotional scars and a feeling of worthlessness. Statistics show that family violence in New Zealand has increased by 20%. Child, Youth and Family had 66,210 notifications of suspected child abuse involving 47,221 children were received by Child, Youth and Family in 2005 and 2006. Now it has risen to over 130,000 notifications. Woman’s Refuge have been helping between 450–600 families per month and on average 14 woman, 6 men and 10 children are killed each year by a member of their family. Police figures report 9,630 male assaults and female assaults increased nationally by 40% in years up to 2008. Police attended 86,545 Family Violence callouts; there were roughly 200 Family Violence incidents per day one every 7 minutes. Police estimate that on average 18% of Family Violence incidents go unreported and at least 74,785 children and young people present at Family Violence incidents, 84% of those arrested are men and 16% are women. There were 3,105 temporary protection orders and 2,738 final protection orders involving approximately 10,000 children that were made by the Family Court in the year to 30 June 2006. Barnados, Personal communications, August 2012) For children 26 child victims were murdered by men and 15 child victims were murdered by women. Men are responsible for 2/3rds of the deaths of children aged 0 – 14 years and children under one years of age are at a greater risk of being killed Mothers and fathers are equally represented as perpetrators in this age group (The First Report July 2006. ) These statistics on abuse is a serious problem for such a small cou ntry. It is horrific to see how many children get abused everyday around our communities, cities and between the North and South Island. Child abuse is becoming a serious problem in New Zealand and is damaging our childs emotional, physical and cognitive development, which can lead to effects later on in life. There should be more advertising on child abuse and more people should speak up to get the help they are needed. Children are our future so we should be protecting them not hurting them. The role of the adult is to protect their children from any harm or dangerous situations and have a safe positive environment for the child to be in. The adult’s role is to care for the child and ensure that their well-being is being met and that they are nutured. Children at a young age are dependent on adults and need the guidance and support which some children are sadly not getting. The adult needs to be a positive role model in the child’s life and communicate with the child in a positive way. The role of the Early childhood educator is to care for and educate the children in their setting. It is your responsibility to keep these children safe from any harm or possible danger. Early childhood cetres should provide a positive learning environment where the child is encouraged, praised and acknowledged. Educators should support families and help when needed. It is our goal to make a difference in a child’s life and it should be a positive one. This essay will outline who is abused, the children in our society that are particularly vulnerable to abuse and will state the five main types of abuse that are addressed in New Zealand. It will discuss the short term and long term effects of physical, emotional, sexual abuse, neglect and family violence for both children and families. It will discuss the positive and negative effects on a community of a suspected child abuse case and discuss why it is important for children to know how to protect themselves through three strategies. This essay will explain what early childhood teachers should do to protect themselves from allegations when working in an early childhood setting and give two examples of two voluntary services in New Zealand which support children who have been abused and support the children and their families these services are Otautahi Refuge and Barnyards. The final part of this essay will evaluate the role of both voluntary and private services in supporting children and their families under pressure these services are Child, Youth and Family and Cholmdeley Children’s Home it will discuss the usefulness and limitations of each service then finally conclude the key aspects. There are four main types of abuse around the world these are emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. There is also a fifth type of abuse in New Zealand which is family violence. Child, Youth and Family, 2011). Every child can be exposed to violence and many children can be vulnerable to abuse. Children In our society that is living with the following factors can be more vulnerable to abuse. You read "Family Violence in New Zealand" in category "Family" A child with a young mother that has a low self-esteem that may have little support and is unable to cope with stress. A parent that has a psychiatric history or mental illness. A child who is living with an unrelated adult, a child that lives in an environment with family violence or the parent or family member has a history of abuse. Other factors can include Excessive use of alcohol, drug taking, poverty, lack of essential resources, the parent has dissatisfaction with the child and is unwanted, social isolation where there is no family support and minimal antenatal care. (Simcock, 2011). Infants and children with disabilities are particularly vulnerable and are at a higher risk of being abused. Babies and under two’s are the most vulnerable of all children, because they are fully dependent on adults to care for them. It is also easier for parents to become isolated at this time because the child may not be in preschool and will not have much contact with the outside world. This can make it harder professionals or others to identify when things aren’t quite right. (Child, Youth Family, 2011). Some offenders abuse children because they are attracted to their dependency; this combined with society’s attitude towards disabled people can increase the risk of disabled children and those that have learning difficulties being abused. Children with disabilities are less likely to receive information on abuse and might not understand the inappropriateness of abuse and the difference between good and bad touching. Children with disabilities may receive less affection from family and friends who can make them be more accepting to sexual attention. Children with disabilities are more vulnerable because they could be less likely to tell someone what has happened because of communication disabilities as well as they might not be believed. (Beaver, et al. 2008). There are short term and long term effects that each type of abuse can have on children and families. â€Å"Verbal and psychological wounds can leave a child forever changed†. (Teach through love, 2012). The effects of emotional abuse are often silent and are often overlooked, unnoticed or confused with other causes. Emotional child abuse, attacks a child’s self-concept, the child comes to see him or herself as unworthy of love and affection. The lo ng term effects of child abuse may not be shown until the child is older. Less severe forms of early emotional deprivation still can produce drastic effects of emotional abuse such as babies who will grow into anxious and insecure children who are slow to develop and who may fail to develop a strong sense of self-esteem. (chrome://newtabhttp//www. teach-through-love. com/effects-of-emotional-abuse. html). The long term effect on neglect from poor health show that adults who experienced abuse or neglect during childhood are more likely to suffer from physical ailments such as allergies, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, high blood pressure, and ulcers (Springer, Sheridan, Kuo, Carnes, 2007). Sexual abuse effects on children and youth can be evident in emotional, physical and behavioural ways. These effects can be just as devastating whether there was only one occurrence or there were repeated occurrences. Sexual abuse cannot be compared, because each abuse experience is unique. When a child is sexually abused she/he learns that adults cannot be trusted for care and protection their well-being is disregarded, and there is a lack of support and protection. Short term effects could include some form of bruising on the child, long term effects can include depression, extreme dependency, inability to judge trustworthiness in others, mistrust, anger and hostility. Children’s bodies can often respond to the sexual abuse, bringing on shame and guilt. (chrome://newtabhttp//www. child-abuse-effects. com/sexual-abuse-effects. html). Physical abuse is a behaviour which results in physical harm to a child. Short term effects of physical abuse may include unexplained bruises, welts, cuts and abrasions these can be found in unusual places and should be looked out for in case they are a regular occurrence. Short term effects also include burn marks and unexplained fractures or dislocations which can be unusual for a child at a young age. The child may not be able to trust and be fearful of physical contact. (Child, Youth and Family, 2011). Family violence is like a war zone in the family household. It is where children live an in environment characterised by fear, frustration, anger, cruelty and violence. Children that are exposed to family violence can have short term effects this could be when the child develops severe behavioural problems, become violent as adolescents and for long term effects they could continue the cycle of violence. chrome://newtabhttp//www. jigsaw. org. nz/Site/Help/Hot_Topics/family_violence. aspx). Family violence can cause the child to have a low self-esteem, poor academic results when older, and can have a fear of developing close relationships. (chrome://newtabhttp//www. jigsaw. org. nz/Site/Help/Hot_Topics/family_violence. aspx). The long terms effects th at abuse can have on the family could be that the abuser might not know they are constantly putting the child down and neglecting them, the adult may not see any harm in it. The child might show signs when they are older that they have been emotionally abused and their parents may question why they are acting or have feelings that way. The victim (child) may have no trust in adults and might not be able to form close relationships. The effects of physical and sexual abuse on the family will be if someone notices the child being abused they could report it to the agency for example CYFS (Child, Youth and Family) and the abuser could be charged against and put into jail depending on the seriousness of the abuse. The family will get a name for themselves and the family will be torn apart. (Child, Youth and Family, 2011). Child abuse can affect anyone, even children in your own community. The effects on a suspected child abuse case in the community can have both negative and positive effects. The positive effects are that the community will be aware of what is going on around them and can look out for families that may be vulnerable to abuse â€Å"The more people there are looking out for children, the safer they’ll be† (Child, Youth and Family, pg. 25). The community watch will intervene if needed but will keep a look out to see if there is any unexpected behaviour that should not be occurring. Helpful ways that the community can get involved will be listening and supporting the family, putting them in touch with people that can help. The community could send out brochures or have community group meetings that discuss abuse, what to look out for and if needed where to get help and support from. This will allow the family to feel a sense of support from the community and get the help that is needed. The negatives about the community suspecting could be that the family may hear gossip that is going around and feel like they are being named and discriminated against. The family may have a feeling of being ‘judged’ and from that feel isolated from everyone in the community. Children of a young age are often unaware or naive of potential danger and therefore vulnerable to abuse or bullying. Because of this it is important that children know how to protect themselves from abuse, bullying and to be aware when they could be in possible danger. The best way to protect children is to empower them to protect themselves, by doing this they need to feel good about them and then will have a high level of confidence, self-esteem and be assertive therefore making them less vulnerable to abuse and bullying. The childcare practitioner has a professional duty and responsibility to protect the welfare of the children in their care. Children should feel that they are able to come to the childcare practitioner for help and protection, but will only be able to do this once a trusting relationship has been built up between them. The childcare practitioner also has a responsibility to involve the parents in helping children to protect themselves, as the message given to the children needs to be consistent. (Beaver, et al. , 2008). One way that I would teach a child to protect themselves would be through a learning experience that involves how to take care of the babies in the centre. I will demonstrate and role model how to care for the babies by being gentle, bathing them appropriately being calm and feeding them the right foods. I will show them how to correctly hold a baby and have conversations on why you should never drop or shake a baby. From this experience children will develop awareness of what is appropriate and what is inappropriate and if you have a strong relationship with the child they may approach you and say that it’s not the way their younger siblings are being treated at home, this will then lead to questioning of abuse. Hide and seek is not only just a game but it can be used to prevent children from family violence, physical and sexual abuse. As a practitioner you can talk to the children about being in an uncomfortable situation for example if there is a lot of yelling or someone being hit in the household or if you ever feel unsafe to run and hide under their bed or lock themselves in the bathroom if there is a lock on the door and not to come out until it is safe. This is a hard strategy to tell children because you do not want to scare or upset the children so you have to say it in a relaxed way. This can help prevent the child from the abuser or witnessing any forms of abuse. Another strategy that I can teach would be teaching the children about their body parts and what is appropriate to touch and what is inappropriate to touch. This is a hard subject to address because you could explain to the children that no one other than someone they trust can touch their ‘private’ areas for example when nappy changing and washing but other than that they should not touch them. â€Å"Your body is your own†. (Finkelhor, D. pg. 59, 2007). Teaching children that their body is their own and that no one can touch it without permission. Establishing open and direct communication at a very early age about sexuality and â€Å"private body parts†, using the correct names for genitals and other parts of the body, will help children understand what is and what is not allowed for adults in contact with them. This will also help them recognise embarrassing or abusive behaviour. To teach this to children I could use a board story of the body and get the children to identify each part and whether it is okay for other children and adults they don’t trust to touch them there or not, this could allow conversations to start and the children may ask questions. Finkelhor, D. 2007). Safe and unsafe touching. Teach children the difference between safe/appropriate and unsafe/inappropriate touching. Tell children it is not okay if someone looks at or touches their private parts or asks them to look at or touch someone’s private parts, and that inappropriate touches are wrong and against the law. If they are not su re whether someone else’s behaviour towards them is acceptable, make sure they know to ask a trusted adult for help. (Finkelhor, D. 2007). Early childhood teachers need to protect themselves when working in an early childhood setting to protect ourselves from allegations of child abuse. Centres should have a set of policies and procedures set in place so that parents, caregivers and whanau can view these at any time. If a child has an accidental injury it must be recorded in a book stating what happened, how you fixed it and ensure that it is signed by a witness. If a child makes false allegations against you, record the dates and time it was said and get another adult to witness if it is possible. If a child touches a teacher inappropriately, record what happened and let another adult know what happened. When you go on school trips ensure that you have enough staff for ratios. As a teacher you need to make sure you don’t place yourself in a position where you are spending a huge amount of time alone with one child this could lead to assumptions. (Beaver, et al. , 2008). If you are an early childhood teacher in a home based setting, never take a child into your bedroom or take children in the car by yourself unless you have that trust with the parent/caregiver. When changing a child’s nappy, clothing and bathing ensure that there is someone with you, most centres have see-through windows in there toileting area. When it comes toileting never wipe a child’s bottom when they are capable of doing it for themselves, avoid going on your own to the toilet with children. Keep in mind of how and where you touch a child. If a child is really young or disabled consider a cushion for your lap when they sit on your knee. If a child hugs you or kisses you be careful if it extends. If you are going out of the room with a child for example to the store room to help get paint make sure you tell another teacher or adult where you’re going and make sure you are not out there for a long period of time. Early childhood teachers need to ensure that they follow these procedures in order to protect themselves. (Beaver, et al. , 2008). Otautahi woman’s refuge is a community based, voluntary organisation that have been operating since 1989 with the purpose of supporting whanau Maori to escape family violence and move towards wellbeing. Otautahi empower and support whanau Maori and communities who choose a free life from violence and abuse in all forms. Otautahi have a safe house which is primarily for Female Maori and tamariki who are involved or in immediate family violence situations this allows the family to be safe from harm, confidential and supervised at all times, Otautahi also have outreach support to both perpetrator and victim. They provide a 24hour seven days a week support How to cite Family Violence in New Zealand, Essays